Sunday, March 26, 2017

Python Part5: Set and exception handling Try except finally

Set

  • Unordered collection of unique, immutable objects. 
  • Literals: 
    • delimited by { and } 
  • Single comma separated items. 
    • >>> p = {1, 2, 3, 4} 
    • >>> p 
    • {1, 2, 3, 4} 
  • Empty { } makes a dict, so for empty set use the set() constructor. 
    • >>> e = set() 
    • >>> e 
    • set()
  • Set() constructor accepts: 
    • Iterable series of values. 
      • >>> s = set([1, 2, 3, 4]) 
      • >>> s 
      • {1, 2, 3, 4} 
  • Duplicates are discarded. 
    • >>> t = [1, 2, 3, 1, 4] 
    • >>> set(t) 
    • {1, 2, 3, 4} 
  • Often used specifically to remove duplicates – not order preserving. 
  • Order is arbitrary. 
    • >>> for x in {1, 2, 4, 8, 32} 
    • print(x)
  • Use in and not in operators. 
    • >>> q = {2, 9, 6, 4} 
    • >>> 3 in q 
    • False 
    • >>> 3 not in q 
    • True 
  • Add(item) inserts a single element. 
    • >>> k = {2, 4} 
    • >>> k 
    • {2, 4} 
    • >>> k.add(8) 
    • >>> k 
    • {2, 4, 8}
  • Duplicates are silently ignored. 
    • >>> k.add(8) 
    • >>> k 
    • {1, 2, 8} 
  • For multiple elements use update(items) passing any iterable series. 
    • >>> k.update([9, 10]) 
    • >>> k 
    • {1, 2, 8, 9, 10} 
  • Remove(item) requires that item is present, otherwise raises KeyError. 
    • >>> k.remove(9) 
    • >>> k 
    • {1, 2, 8, 10}
  • Discard(item) always succeeds. 
    • >>> k.discard(9) 
  • Copy set using S.copy() method. 
    • >>> j = k.copy() 
  • Use constructor. Set(s) 
    • >>> m = set(j) 
  • Copies are shallows. 
  • S1.union(s2) method. 
    • Union is commutative.
  • s.intersection(t) method 
    • Intersection is commutative. 
  • s.difference(t) method. 
    • Difference is non-commutative. 
  • s.symmetric_difference(t) method 
    • Symmetric difference is commutative. 
  • s.issubset(t) method 
  • s.issuperset(t) method. 
  • s.isdisjoint(t)

Handle exceptions. Try … except … finally

  • try: 
    • x = 5 
  • except: 
    • message = str(sys.exc_info()[1]) 
    • x = -1 
  • finally: 
    • # final-block 
    •  x = 0

3 comments:

  1. Thanks for the info, looking forward to your next post.

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